AUSTRALIAN DISASTERS
G'day guys,
Ever wonder how some folks survive disasters, natural or otherwise? I do. Here are some details about disasters in Australia, and some photographs that might make you ponder that very question:
Australia experiences a range of 'natural disasters' including bushfires, floods, severe storms, earthquakes and landslides. These events cause great financial hardship for individuals and communities, and can result in loss of life, which has become part of Australian folklore.
However, these events are also considered both part of the natural cycle of weather patterns in Australia as well as being affected by human factors such as overstocking, vegetation loss, dams, groundwater and irrigation schemes. These patterns are recognised by terms such as a 100-year drought - a drought of severity that is only seen once in a hundred years. Fire can often follow drought, and drought can be followed by flood. Severe fires followed by drought can also contribute to soil erosion.
The experience of natural disaster has come to be seen as part of the Australian national character as described in the poem 'My Country' by Dorothea McKellar (1904).
I love a sunburnt country, a land of sweeping plains,
Of ragged mountain ranges, of droughts and flooding rains.
I love her far horizons, I love her jewel-sea,
Her beauty and her terror - the wide brown land for me!
DROUGHTS
A drought is a
prolonged, abnormally dry period when there is not enough water for users'
normal needs. Drought is not simply low rainfall; if it was, much of inland Australia
would be in almost perpetual drought. Because people use water in so many
different ways, there is no universal definition of drought.
Australia has experienced two significant '100-year
droughts' in the last 100 or so years as well as others not described here.
These major droughts have resulted in financial losses, personal hardship and
environmental damage. In Western New South Wales and west Darling areas, the 1895
Federation Drought was exacerbated by heavy overstocking, and the arrival
of rabbits which crossed the Murray River into western New South Wales in 1881
and reached plague proportions. Overstocking caused widespread severe erosion
and increased the effects of the drought.
The 'Federation Drought', 1895-1902
In the
five years leading up to Federation in January 1901, there were
intermittent dry spells throughout Australia. By spring 1901, very
dry conditions were
being experienced across all of eastern Australia. Rivers in western Queensland
dried up and the Darling River almost ran dry at Bourke in New South Wales.
Murray River towns such as Mildura, Balranald and Deniliquin, which depended on
the river for transport, suffered badly.
During
this drought there was extended use of stock routes in Western New South Wales
and the opening up of new stock routes to take advantage of 'native wells' with
consequent evaporation of the wells. Together with engineering of irrigation
schemes along the Murray-Darling River, the consequences were salinity problems
and a rabbit plague (Bobbie Hardy, Lament for the
Barkindji, Rigby Press, 1976).
1982-83
In 1982-83, large areas of central and
eastern - particularly south-eastern - Australia experienced unprecedented low
rainfall levels. This was the culmination of the four-year drought that had
begun in 1979. It is estimated that the total cost to the economy was around
$A7 billion. Agricultural losses, such as the death of livestock, resulted in
massive job losses in rural areas. The effects of the drought contributed to
the 1983 Ash
Wednesday
bushfires across Victoria and South Australia (see below).
1991-95
This drought in north-eastern New South Wales
and much of Queensland, was the result of the lowest rainfall levels on record.
A number of major water reservoirs went dry and many others fell to critically
low levels. Average rural production fell by over 10 per cent and rural
unemployment rose. Loss to the economy is estimated at around $A5 billion.
2002-06
Eastern
and southern Australia once again experienced widespread drought, with agricultural income in
2006-07 expected to be at the lowest level since 1994-95.
FIRE
Bushfires
are different from controlled burning. Indigenous communities have used fire as a
hunting and farming tool to assist with regeneration. Indigenous Australians
used controlled burning and fire management to encourage the growth of new
plants and to prevent the growth of long grass which contributes to the tinder
or fuel for bushfires.
Fire
management also allowed animals to escape, although some were lost to hunters.
Eucalypts, for example, require occasional burns to regenerate. Fire stick
farming used over tens of thousands of years created the fertile grazing plains
west of the Blue
Mountains. Long
periods of dry, hot weather and natural vegetation that burns easily makes
Australia particularly vulnerable to bushfire.
Australian
bushfires can be particularly severe as eucalyptus trees contain large amounts
of oil which can burn very fast and very hot. Other human management factors
which have contributed to the severity of bushfires include high fuel loads, a
change from fire prevention to fire fighting measures and not building adequate
buffer zones to protect built assets (Nairn
Inquiry, 2003). As
Australians learn to understand more about bushfires, bushfire
prevention strategies are being adopted.
The 1967 Tasmanian fires
In 1967
southern Australia experienced drought conditions. On 7 February, 264,270
hectares were burnt in southern Tasmania in just five hours. Of the 110 fires
burning that morning, the worst was the Hobart
fire. The
fire made its way over Mt Wellington and encroached on the city's western
suburbs. Sixty-two people died, and 1,400 homes and other buildings were
destroyed. At the time, it was the largest loss of life and property in
Australia from fire on any single day in Australia's history.
The Ash Wednesday bushfires, 1983
In the
summer of 1983, conditions in Victoria and South Australia contributed to
extremely high ignition levels. Drought conditions with a heatwave with
temperatures of 43 degrees Celsius meant that forests were highly combustible.
On Wednesday
16 February (now
known as 'Ash Wednesday'), around 180 bushfires were burning across both
states, the largest of them starting in Victoria. Of significance was that out
of the Ash Wednesday fires Victorian rescue teams were reorganised to better
fight future fires, through improved radio networks, single command centres and
linkages between established rural and city firefighters.
Canberra, 2003
In
mid-January 2003, extreme weather conditions led to multiple outbreaks of fire
in Namadgi National Park to the south of Canberra. Strong winds pushed the
fires into forested areas adjoining Canberra and on the afternoon of Saturday
18 January, firestorms fanned by high winds hit Canberra
suburbs.
Thousands of hectares of forest and park lands were burnt out.
HEATWAVES
A heatwave is a prolonged period of
excessive heat, which results from a certain combination of temperature,
humidity, air movement and duration.
Heatwaves are the most underrated of the natural
disasters, as the bushfires that accompany many heatwaves tend to get most of
the attention, and in Australia they have caused the greatest loss of life on
any natural hazard (except disease).
Unlike
bushfires, there is generally no escaping a heatwave. While the 1939 'Black
Friday' bushfires in Victoria killed 71 people and are written into our
history, the accompanying
heatwave - which
triggered the blazes - claimed 438 lives and yet remains largely
unacknowledged.
FLOODS
Floods occur when water covers land which is normally dry. Floods in Australia range from localised flash flooding as a result of thunderstorms, to more widespread flooding following heavy rain over the catchment areas of river systems. Flooding is also a regular seasonal phenomenon in Northern Australia. Australian towns were built on floodplains despite warnings from local Aborigines. Nyngan (meaning flood in its local Aboriginal language) was severely flooded on 23 April 1990.
Gundagai
was rebuilt on a new site after a flood in 1852 wiped out 71 buildings, and 89
of the town's 250 inhabitants died. More people would have perished were it not
for the heroism of local Aborigine
Yarri of the
Wiradjuri people and his mate Jackie, who saved more than 40 people using a
simple bark canoe.
Recently,
town councils and shires have started mapping the 100-year flood areas so that
the extent of the flood plain can be mapped for town planning, building
regulations and zoning for land use to avoid building on flood-prone areas.
Regional flood mitigation programs have been initiated by the Australian
Government to work with state and territory governments.
Northern Tasmania, 1929
In April
1929, 22 people died when heavy rain caused severe flooding
in the north east of Tasmania. In addition, 14 people died when the Briseis Dam
on the Cascade River gave way, inundating the town of Derby. A further eight
people (six from one family) were drowned near Ulverstone when a truck crashed
into a flooded river.
South-eastern Australia, 1952
In June
1952, torrential rain fell over south-eastern
Australia where
the ground was already saturated from good autumn rains. Major flooding
occurred on every river in the Gippsland area of Victoria and adjacent southern
coastal New South Wales. Further severe flooding occurred in October and
November 1952 in south-eastern Australia.
Brisbane, Queensland, 1974
The town
of Charleville inundated by the April 1990 floods. Image courtesy of the Bureau of Meteorology.
In January
1974, the
weakening Cyclone Wanda brought heavy rainfall to Brisbane and many parts of
south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. One third of Brisbane's
city centre and 17 suburbs were severely flooded. Fourteen people died and over
300 were injured. Fifty-six homes were washed away and 1,600 were submerged.
Queensland and New South Wales, 1990
Over one
million square kilometres of Queensland and New South Wales (and a smaller area
of Victoria) were flooded in April 1990. The towns of Nyngan
and Charleville were the worst affected with around 2,000 homes inundated. Six people
were killed and around 60 were injured.
CYCLONES
A cyclone is an area of low pressure
around which the winds flow clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and
counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. If the sustained winds around the
centre reach 119 km/h (with wind gusts in excess of 170 km/h), then the system
is called a severe tropical cyclone. In other countries severe tropical
cyclones are called hurricanes or typhoons. The Tropical Cyclone Season in
Australia extends from November to April. Some of the most destructive cyclones
which have hit the Australian mainland include:
Cyclone Mahina, 1899
In March
1899 in Cape York, Queensland, Cyclone
Mahina resulted
in the greatest death toll of any natural disaster in Australia's recorded
history. Over 400 people died, including the crews of around 100 pearling fleet vessels, and an estimated
100 local Aborigines.
Cyclone Ada, 1970
Tropical Cyclone Ada caused severe damage to resorts
on the Whitsunday Islands, Queensland, in January 1970. Its path of destruction
included the islands of Daydream, South Molle and Hayman. The damage bill was
estimated at $A390 million and 14 people were killed.
Cyclone Tracy, 1974
On
Christmas Eve 1974, Cyclone
Tracy struck
the city of Darwin in the Northern Territory. One hundred and ninety-five
millimetres of rain fell in less than nine hours, and winds of around 250 km
per hour flattened the city. In terms of damage to a community, Cyclone Tracy
remains Australia's most destructive for property damage. 71 people were killed, and many thousands injured. Of
a population of 43,000, 25,000 were left homeless. One result was the priority
given to the development of cyclone-proof buildings.
Cyclone Larry, 2006
The Far
North Queensland coast was declared a natural disaster zone after the severe
impact of tropical Cyclone Larry on 20 March 2006. The category
five cyclone registered winds of up to 290 km/h. Major damage was caused to
homes, other buildings and agricultural crops, but no loss of life occurred.
$A1.5 billion was the estimated total damage bill for the affected regions.
Australians in the face of adversity
The
resilience of Australians is often most apparent in times of crisis. Grant
Devilly, a trauma specialist at the University of Melbourne's psychology department,
says the typically Australian 'she'll be right' mentality is invaluable in time
of crisis, and Australian's are 'pretty bloody resilient'. Louise Milligan, in
her article 'The Plucky Country' (The Australian, 20 January 2003),
points out that victims of disasters in Australia tend to adopt the attitude
that 'the main thing is we're alive - it's only bricks and mortar'.
Auxiliary
Bishop of Canberra and Goulburn, Pat Power, has a similar view:
“I have
been a priest 38 years and I stand in awe of the resilience of human nature in
situations of personal tragedy. Just to see people retaining their sense of
humour and a sense of camaraderie, and the public responding so generously -
it's something that makes me proud to be an Australian.”
The Australian, 20 January 2003
The Australian, 20 January 2003
Clancy's comment: Mm ... maybe why Australians, all 23 million of us, are so good at sport and other pursuits, is because we have learnt to survive some tough situations. I also think the influence of the migrants and refugees who have made their home here has contributed to our spirit of never giving up.
I'm ...
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